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| Monarch of largest Christian kingdom in Iberia. (male) |
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| Monarch of largest Christian kingdom in Iberia. (female) |
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| Grants of American Indian laborers. |
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| Aka Santo Domingo, island located in the Caribbean Sea that Christopher Columbus landed on first. |
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| The holder of an encomienda. |
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| Dominican friar whom tried to protect the Native people. |
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| Spanish conquistador that caused the collapse of the Aztecs. |
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| Ruler of Aztec Empire during its contact with Europe and its downfall. |
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| Main city of Aztec Empire and New Spain, was called Tenochtitlan. |
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| Territory that Spanish were able to take over in the Recent World. |
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| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado |
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| Spanish conquistador who went into the southwest of America; leader of Spanish expedition to New Spain. |
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| Set up city of Santiago, conquered huge areas in southern South America. |
key term - PeninsularesDefinitionPeninsulares were individuals born in Spain or Portugal who held high social, political, and economic status in the colonies of Latin America during the colonial period. They represented the top tier of the social hierarchy, often controlling the wealth and power of the colonial administration, which created tensions with other social classes, particularly Creoles, leading to revolutionary movements later on. Historical ContextThe term "peninsulares" refers to colonial residents of Latin American countries who were born in the Iberian Peninsula, specifically Spain or Portugal. This distinction emerged during the colonial period, predominantly between the 16th and 19th centuries, when the Spanish and Portuguese Empires controlled vast territories in the Americas. Peninsulares occupied the highest social ranks within the colonial caste system and typically held significant administrative, political, and religious positions in the colonies. Historical SignificancePeninsulares played a crucial role in maintaining the colonial order and ensuring the interests of the home country prevailed in governance and economic exploitatio
key term - PeninsularesDefinitionPeninsulares were individuals born in Spain who settled in the Spanish colonies in the Americas during the colonial period. They held the extreme social status and political influence in the colonial caste system, often serving as government officials, landowners, and high-ranking members of the clergy. Their privileged position created tension with other social groups, such as Creoles, head to conflicts over rights and representation, especially during revolutionary movements. 5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test- Peninsulares were at the top of the social hierarchy in Spanish colonies, often controlling important political and economic positions.
- Their dominance created a clear division between them and Creoles, head to growing resentment among Creole populations.
- During revolutionary movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Peninsulares often fought to maintain their privileges against demands for equality from Creoles and other groups.
- The term 'Peninsulares' reflects their connection to Spain, as they were literally from the Iberian Peninsula.
- The social tensions between Peninsulares and Creoles contribute
AP World Chapter 19| Term | Definition |
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| Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of the New World. | | Hispaniola | first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; first settled by Columbus on his second voyage. | | encomienda | grant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. | | encomendero | the holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay tribute or provide labor; responsible for their integration into the church. | | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported serene conversion of Native American population, opposed forced labor, and advocated Indian rights. | | Hernán Cortés | led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule. | | Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés’s conquest. | | Mexico City | capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. | | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | | Francisco Vácquez de Coronado | led S
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